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Thursday, March 8, 2018

EEOC Statistics Fiscal Year 2017 – Retaliation Again is #1

It’s that time of year - on January 25, 2018, the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (“EEOC”) released its Fiscal Year 2017 statistics summarizing the data collected from its year ending September 30, 2017.  The full report and access to the data tables can be found here.

The EEOC reports that it received 84,254 charges last year, which is less than the 91,503 charges in 2016 and the 89,385 charges in 2015. Although we have not researched the issue, this decrease may be attributable to relatively low unemployment. 48.8% of 2017 claims were based on allegations of retaliation. This indicates, once again, that employers must carefully consider any potential adverse employment action not only for possible discrimination against a protected class, but also to avoid the appearance of retaliation. Retaliation claims can be easier for plaintiff to prove than discrimination claims. Other claims most often alleged were race (33.9%), disability (31.9%), sex (30.4%), and age discrimination (30.4%), in that order. Please note that these claim percentages, which do not even cover all claims (such as national origin, religion and genetic information) add up to more than 100% because many charges allege more than one claim.

99,109 charges were resolved in FY 2017. Enforcement proceedings administered by the EEOC itself garnered $398 million in total monetary relief in 2017.

Once again, the take away from these statistics is that employers should be proactive in educating employees, particularly supervisors/managers, about their obligations under the law.  We believe that training to properly and fairly evaluate, discipline, supervise, and otherwise deal with employees is a key element in reducing charges of discrimination.

The foregoing is for informational purposes only and does not constitute legal advice regarding any particular situation and should not be relied on as such.  Please contact one of our labor and employment lawyers if you have any questions.  The choice of a lawyer is an important decision and should not be based solely on advertising.  

This update was prepared by Charles S. Elbert.


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Wednesday, December 6, 2017

Harassment Training is the Right (and Necessary) Thing to Do

Sexual harassment claims currently are big news because prominent film makers, actors, television personalities, executives and United States legislators have been identified as serial harassers. Under pressure, some alleged harassers have confessed, while others have at least acknowledged that their actions were inappropriate. We may be witnessing a sea change in exposing harassers and holding them accountable. Even the United States Congress has recognized the seriousness and pervasiveness of the problem by requiring sexual harassment training of its members and employees.

We have been advocating all forms of harassment training for decades because preventing harassment is the right thing to do and makes excellent business sense. Training can help avoid harassment and its adverse effects on employee morale and productivity. Training also can help avoid claims and the costs of defending those claims. Some states (not Missouri and not Illinois for private sector employers) are requiring sexual harassment training by certain employers. So, if your organization has not done so within the last two years, we strongly recommend that it promptly require that all employees, not just supervisory employees, attend harassment training. This training should include not only the prohibition on sexual harassment, but also harassment based on any protected class, such as race, sex, religion, national origin, age and disability. The training should be documented.

We will be pleased to provide, or assist your organization in providing, that training. Regardless of whether we are involved, training should include the most current changes and interpretations in the law regarding harassment. Clearly an unintended consequence of the alleged serial harassers’ actions is a reminder and great opportunity to make sure your organization is doing the right (and necessary) thing!

The foregoing is for informational purposes only and does not constitute legal advice regarding any particular situation and should not be relied on as such.  Please contact one of our labor and employment lawyers if you have any questions. 

This update was prepared by Charles S. Elbert and Erin M. Leach.


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Friday, November 3, 2017

Missouri Court Rules that Gay Employee’s Sex Stereotyping Allegations Constitute Sex Discrimination Claim Under MHRA

On October 24, 2017, in Lampley v. Mo. Commission on Human Rights, the Missouri Court of Appeals, Western District, held that sex stereotyping, including as it pertains to a gay or lesbian employee, is sex discrimination under the Missouri Human Rights Act (“MHRA”).  That sex stereotyping claims would be recognized under the MHRA is not particularly surprising, given the U.S. Supreme Court’s holding in Price Waterhouse v. Hopkins, 490 U.S. 228, 251 (1989); see also R.M.A. v. Blue Springs R-IV School Dist., No. WD80005 (Mo. App. W.D. July 18, 2017). [For more information on this recent trend in federal law, see our April 7, 2017 Blog Post.]

The Missouri Commission on Human Rights (“MCHR”) determined that it had no jurisdiction over Lampley’s complaints, because he is gay and sexual orientation is not a protected class under Missouri law.  See Pittman v. Cook Paper Recycling Corp.478 S.W.3d 479, 483 (Mo. App. W.D. 2015).  The MCHR interpreted Lampley’s allegation that “his behavior and appearance contradicted the stereotypes of maleness held by his employer,” as related to sexual orientation.  Lampley petitioned the court for administrative review, arguing that his charge be recognized as a sex discrimination claim instead.  He pointed out that in his Charge of Discrimination he had checked the boxes for “sex discrimination” and “retaliation,” not the box labeled “other.”

The Missouri Court of Appeals, in reversing the circuit court’s order granting summary judgment to the MCHR, held that Missouri’s existing case law “readily accommodates a sex stereotyping claim,” and that Lampley’s allegations fit within that cause of action.  Lampley’s allegation was that his unfair treatment was based on his sex not his sexual orientation, meaning that, as a man, he had been treated differently than women who exhibited a similar “behavior and appearance.”  In reaching this conclusion and allowing Lampley’s claim to go forward, the Court made clear that, under a sex stereotyping theory, the plaintiff’s sexual orientation is immaterial. 

The take away for employers is that sexual orientation discrimination claims, even though not currently a protected class under the MHRA, may be pursued if plaintiffs can frame their Charge of Discrimination and lawsuit as sex stereotyping. 

The foregoing is for informational purposes only and does not constitute legal advice regarding any particular situation and should not be relied on as such.  Please contact one of our labor and employment lawyers if you have any questions.  The choice of a lawyer is an important decision and should not be based solely on advertisements.

This update was prepared by Charles S. Elbert, Kevin A. Sullivan, and Erin M. Leach.


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Friday, September 1, 2017

EEO-1 Report Filing Requirement Update

On August 29, 2017, an Administrator of a branch of the Office of Management and Budget (“OMB”) initiated a review and immediate stay of EEO-1 report changes. These changes were to require employers to provide data on employees’ hours worked and wages paid. The EEO-1 report filing requirement generally applies to employers with 100 or more employees and federal contractors with more than 50 employees. The OMB Memorandum is here.

Employers should use the previously approved EEO-1 report form during the stay (see statement of EEOC Acting Chair Victoria A. Lipnic). The filing date currently is March 31, 2018. Although the reporting requirement has been stayed, the EEOC and Office of Federal Contract Compliance programs are very interested in equal pay issues, so employers should continue to take action to make sure that their compensation systems do not create or reflect disparities based on gender or race/ethnicity.

The foregoing is for informational purposes only and does not constitute legal advice regarding any particular situation and should not be relied on as such.  Please contact one of our labor and employment lawyers if you have any questions.  The choice of a lawyer is an important decision and should not be based solely on advertisements.

This update was prepared by Charles S. Elbert.


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Wednesday, July 5, 2017

Leveling the Playing Field - Missouri Governor Signs MHRA and Whistleblower Amendments

Last Friday, Missouri Governor Eric Greitens signed Missouri Senate Bill 43 (SB 43), amending the Missouri Human Rights Act (MHRA) and codifying the requirements for a whistleblower claim under Missouri law. The bill can be found here. This bill, which will become effective on August 28, 2017, represents a significant change in certain employment laws affecting our Missouri clients and will reduce uncertainty for businesses facing discrimination, retaliation and whistleblower claims.

The MHRA amendments in SB 43 adopt the “motivating factor” causation standard for employment discrimination and retaliation claims, abrogating a series of Missouri state court decisions that had imposed the lower “contributing factor” standard. In doing so, SB 43 brings Missouri in line with federal causation standards and requires plaintiffs to prove that unlawful animus motivated the challenged employment decision. SB 43 also adopts federal court evidentiary standards that should make it easier for defendants in MHRA cases to prevail in weak cases without the need for a trial. The amendments further impose caps on non-economic damages that are based on the size of the employer/defendant, ranging from a $50,000 cap for employers with less than 100 employees to a $500,000 cap for employers with more than 500 employees. The bill eliminates individual liability for supervisors — again bringing Missouri law in line with the federal standard — and makes other statutory changes that clarify the timing and administrative process requirements that an employee must complete before pursuing a claim.

SB 43 also codifies, for the first time, the whistleblower cause of action under Missouri law. Prior to this bill, whistleblower claims existed because of common law judicial decisions, not statute. In addition to codifying this claim, SB 43 clarifies the causation requirement for such a case (again adopting the “motivating factor” standard over the lower “contributing factor” standard), imposes damage caps, excludes governmental entities from whistleblower liability,
and clarifies and restricts what kinds of policy violations may give rise to a whistleblower claim.

Because the new law is not effective until August 28 — and because some key provisions of the law may not be applied retroactively — the full effects of SB 43 may not be felt for some time. In the long run, however, SB 43 should help level the playing field for employers in MHRA and whistleblower cases.

The foregoing is for informational purposes only and does not constitute legal advice regarding any particular situation and should not be relied on as such. Please contact one of our labor and employment lawyers if you have any questions. The choice of a lawyer is an important decision and should not be based solely on advertisements.

This update was prepared by Charles S. Elbert and D. Leo Human.


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Tuesday, May 23, 2017

Missouri Supreme Court Clarifies Wrongful Discharge in Violation of Public Policy Claim

On May 16, 2017, the Missouri Supreme Court issued an opinion in Newsome v. Kansas City, Missouri School District, No. SC95538 (Mo. banc), which clarified Missouri law by holding that on a wrongful discharge in violation of public policy claim:  (1) the judge, not the jury, decides whether a legal violation occurred; and (2) a preventative report of wrongdoing can support such a claim.  By way of background, a public policy wrongful discharge claim allows an employee to sue an employer if the employee was terminated for refusing to violate the law or any public policy found in the constitution, statutes, or regulations or for reporting violations of the law to superiors or proper authorities.  In Newsome, plaintiff (purchasing manager for the school district) refused to approve one purchase request and reported two purchase requests to his supervisor on the basis that the requests violated Missouri’s school contracting law (R.S.Mo. § 432.070).  Three days after the second report, plaintiff was given the option of resigning with severance or termination of employment, and later brought the wrongful discharge claim.  The jury returned a verdict in plaintiff’s favor and awarded $500,000 in damages, and the school district appealed.

On appeal, the school district argued that the trial court had erred by giving the jury the plaintiff-requested instruction that an element of the wrongful discharge claim was that plaintiff “reasonably believed” the payment requests violated Missouri’s school contracting law and that the jury should have been instructed that it needed to find that the requests violated the law to find the employer liable.  The Missouri Supreme Court found that the “reasonably believed” instruction was erroneous, but also found that the jury should not be instructed about an actual violation of law because that element “is an issue of law for the circuit court to decide in determining whether plaintiff has made a prima case. . . . before submission of the case to the jury.”  This ruling is significant because: (1) it rejects an argument made by plaintiffs in these cases that they only need to prove that they “reasonably believed” that the conduct violated the law; and (2) it clarifies that the judge, not the jury, decides whether the alleged conduct violated the law, and, if the judge finds no violation occurred, the claim presumably would be dismissed. 

The school district further argued on appeal that the verdict in plaintiff’s favor should be reversed because plaintiff only refused to approve and reported “requests” for payments that “would” violate public policy, rather than payments made in violation of the school district contracting law.  The Missouri Supreme Court rejected this argument, holding that plaintiff “did not have to wait for the purchase to be finalized before he reported his concerns.”  The Court found that accepting the school district’s argument “would mean no whistleblower protection for preventative reporting, which would be inconsistent with” the purpose of such a claim.  Therefore, employers should be aware that terminating an employee for making a preventative report of illegal activity could subject them to liability.

The foregoing is for informational purposes only, does not constitute legal advice regarding any particular situation, and should not be relied on as such.  Please contact one of our labor and employment lawyers if you have any questions.  The choice of a lawyer is an important decision and should not be based solely on advertisements.

This update was prepared by Charles S. Elbert and Kevin A. Sullivan.


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Friday, April 7, 2017

Seventh Circuit Rules that Sexual Orientation Discrimination is Prohibited by Title VII

On April 4, 2017, in Hively v. Ivy Tech Cmty. Coll. of Indiana, No. 15-1720, the Seventh Circuit en banc (all of the judges), on rehearing of a panel decision disallowing the plaintiff’s claim, became the first federal Court of Appeals to hold that discrimination based on sexual orientation is prohibited by Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.  Title VII makes it unlawful for employers to discriminate on the basis of “race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.”  42 U.S.C. § 2000e-2(a).  The ruling did not carve out sexual orientation as a separate protected class, but rather found that “sexual orientation” is encompassed within “sex” and is therefore already protected by federal law. 

In Hively, the plaintiff had applied six times for a full-time professor position at Ivy Tech and was denied a position each time, allegedly because she is a lesbian.  Hively filed a discrimination claim based on sexual orientation, which was dismissed by the district court because sexual orientation is not enumerated as a protected class in Title VII.  The Seventh Circuit reversed the lower court, holding that “a person who alleges that she experienced employment discrimination on the basis of her sexual orientation has put forth a case of sex discrimination for Title VII purposes.” 

There has been a long debate over sexual orientation and related claims under Title VII, stemming in large part from a 1989 U.S. Supreme Court decision: Price Waterhouse v. Hopkins, 490 U.S. 228 (1989), in which the Court held that an accountant alleging that she was treated differently in partnership considerations based on “sex-stereotyping” – because she did not act, dress, or talk “femininely” enough – could have a claim under Title VII.  Since Price Waterhouse, lower courts have struggled to delineate between claims of discrimination based on sex-stereotyping, which is prohibited by Title VII, and those based on sexual orientation, which most Circuit Courts (including the Eighth Circuit, in which Missouri sits) have held is not prohibited by the current law.  But as the court in Hively pointed out, that distinction is sometimes very difficult to draw, because homosexuality is often “the ultimate case of failure to conform” to sex stereotypes, in that the stereotype is men partnering with women and vice versa. 

For employers in Illinois and other states in the Seventh Circuit, Hively creates binding precedent and must be followed (unless it is reversed).  For employers elsewhere, this case may signal the beginning of a trend in favor of finding Title VII protection for LGBT employees, especially after the Supreme Court found a constitutional right to same-sex marriage in Obergefell v. Hodges, 135 S.Ct. 2584 (2015).  On the other hand, Congress has consistently heard and failed to adopt an amendment to Title VII adding sexual orientation as a protected class, so this decision might spur it to act.  Some states and cities already have laws or ordinances providing that sexual orientation is a protected class. 

The foregoing is for informational purposes only and does not constitute legal advice regarding any particular situation and should not be relied on as such.  Please contact one of our labor and employment lawyers if you have any questions.  The choice of a lawyer is an important decision and should not be based solely on advertisements.

This update was prepared by Charles S. Elbert, Kevin A. Sullivan, and Erin M. Leach.


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Thursday, March 23, 2017

U.S. Supreme Court Clarifies School Districts' Obligation to Provide Free Appropriate Public Education

The United States Supreme Court handed down its decision on March 22, 2017 in Endrew F. v. Douglas County School District, No. 15-827 (3/22/2017), regarding the standard for determining whether a child has been offered a Free Appropriate Public Education ("FAPE").

In the unanimous (8-0) decision, the Court held that each Individualized Education Program (“IEP”) must be “reasonable” and must be “reasonably calculated to enable the child to make progress appropriate in light of his circumstances.”  This holding clarifies, but does not overrule, the standard previously adopted in Board of Ed. of Hendrick Hudson Central School District v. Rowley, 458 U.S. 176 (1982), that the IEP must be “reasonably calculated to enable the child to receive educational benefits.” The school in Endrew had argued that Rowley referred to “some educational benefit” and therefore that the benefits provided must be “merely more than de minimis”; however, the Supreme Court expressly rejected this much-lower standard.

The Endrew Court made clear that there is no bright-line test.  For example, a child who is making passing marks and advancing from grade to grade is not necessarily being given a FAPE.  Similarly, a child who is not making passing marks and advancing from grade to grade is not necessarily being denied a FAPE, because that is not a reasonable expectation for every child. Instead, the IEP must be “appropriately ambitious in light of [the child’s] circumstances.”

Finally, the Court stated that the fact that its decision does not announce a bright-line rule is not an “invitation to the courts to substitute their own notions of sound educational policy for those of the school authorities which they review.”

The foregoing is for informational purposes only and does not constitute legal advice regarding any particular situation and should not be relied on as such.  Please contact one of our labor and employment lawyers if you have any questions.  The choice of a lawyer is an important decision and should not be based solely on advertisements.

This update was prepared by Robert A. Useted and Erin M. Leach.


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Friday, March 10, 2017

City of St. Louis Minimum Wage Ordinance

On February 28, 2017, the Missouri Supreme Court reinstated St. Louis City Ordinance 70078, available here, which requires covered employers to pay covered employees a minimum wage of $10/hour in 2017 and $11/hour starting January 1, 2018, for each hour worked while the employee is physically present in the City of St. Louis.  Employers governed by the ordinance include all businesses whose annual gross revenue is $500,000 or more and who have employed more than fifteen employees during each calendar week of the current and previous calendar years.  Employees covered by the ordinance include all employees who work at least twenty hours per year within City limits (with some exceptions, including seasonal educational camp workers and work-study students, among others).   Ordinance 70078 also mandates that the minimum wage will increase to reflect inflation each January first beginning in 2019.

In October 2015, this ordinance had previously been halted, by a trial court injunction as being in conflict with the state minimum wage law (The state minimum wage, per R.S.Mo. § 290.502, is currently $7.70/hour.)  However, the Missouri Supreme Court disagreed with the trial court, and in a unanimous decision, held that Ordinance 70078 is not in conflict with or preempted by state law and that the City was validly acting within its constitutional police powers in enacting the ordinance.  The Missouri Supreme Court held that Missouri’s minimum wage law sets “a floor below which an employee cannot be paid,” but does not set a maximum wage or prohibit cities from expanding the protection of the minimum wage law.

The decision appears to make the minimum wage effective immediately, though Mayor Slay has promised a “short, but reasonable, grace period” for businesses to comply.  On March 8, Mayor Slay also tweeted that “no action to enforce the minimum wage may be taken until . . . the [lower] court lifts its injunction.”  This statement seems to indicate that employers should prepare to comply with the new minimum wage now.  (The City has also set up an update page on compliance/enforcement, as well as an email address for questions.  Details can be found here.)  Compliance by businesses requires not only payment of the new minimum wage, but also: (a) placing posters in all workplaces in the City which give notice to employees of the current minimum wage and employees’ rights under the ordinance, and (b) including similar notice with the “first paycheck subject to [the] ordinance” to every employee covered by the new wage, which appears to also apply to any employer who has covered employees working in the City.

The Missouri legislature tried to block Ordinance 70078 when it was first passed in 2015, by enacting R.S.Mo. § 285.055, which prohibits political subdivisions from establishing a minimum wage exceeding the rate set by state statute.  The Missouri Supreme Court found R.S.Mo. § 285.055.2 was ineffective at voiding this particular St. Louis City ordinance, but did not invalidate the statute.  Given the legislature’s previous opposition to Ordinance 70078 as well as the disapproval of many businesses and interest groups, further legislative action (including a bill passed by the House and read in the Senate on March 9, 2017) and/or litigation to attempt to delay, halt, or eliminate Ordinance 70078 would not be surprising. 

The foregoing is for informational purposes only and does not constitute legal advice regarding any particular situation and should not be relied on as such.  Please contact one of our labor and employment lawyers if you have any questions.  The choice of a lawyer is an important decision and should not be based solely on advertisements.

This update was prepared by Charles S. Elbert and Erin M. Leach.


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Friday, March 10, 2017

City of St. Louis Reproductive Health Decision Ordinance

On February 13, 2017, the attached City of St. Louis Ordinance 70459 became effective.  Among other things, it prohibits employers (with six or more employees) in the City of St. Louis from discriminating or taking any adverse employment action against any applicant or employee based on their pregnancy, condition related to pregnancy or the “reproductive health decisions” of that individual or that individual’s dependent(s).  A “reproductive health decision” is defined by the ordinance as “any decision related to the use or intended use of a particular drug, device, or medical service related to reproductive health” and includes contraceptives, fertility treatments and initiation or termination of a pregnancy.  This ordinance also prevents pre-employment inquiries based on these matters as well as any statements by employers regarding their preferences on these issues.

The City of St. Louis Civil Rights Enforcement Agency has authority to enforce the ordinance according to the terms and provisions of Ordinance 67119 (the general civil rights ordinance).

Though this ordinance does not apply to those employers that are not in the City of St. Louis, other state and federal law, including the Missouri Human Rights Act, the Pregnancy Discrimination Act and Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, already prohibit discrimination based on sex, pregnancy, and conditions related to pregnancy.  Even the “reproductive health decisions” explicitly covered by Ordinance 70459 may be protected under existing law, as they are decisions directly tied to sex and/or pregnancy.  

The foregoing is for informational purposes only and does not constitute legal advice regarding any particular situation and should not be relied on as such.  Please contact one of our labor and employment lawyers if you have any questions.  The choice of a lawyer is an important decision and should not be based solely on advertisements.

This update was prepared by Charles S. Elbert and Erin M. Leach.


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Thursday, February 23, 2017

Trump Administration Withdraws Guidance for Public Schools on Transgender Student Issues, Including Restroom Access

Late on February 22, 2017, the Departments of Education and Justice (“Departments”) published a Dear Colleague Letter (“DCL”) withdrawing guidance which had previously been handed down by the Obama administration regarding public schools' treatment of transgender students.  The previous guidance came in the form of two other DCLs, dated January 7, 2015 and May 13, 2016, which together contained detailed directives for schools about transgender student issues.  

The most controversial piece of the Obama-era DCLs had attempted to condition receipt of federal funds on school districts allowing transgender students to use the restroom corresponding with their gender identity rather than with their sex assigned at birth.  That interpretation of the law has been the subject of several lawsuits in the last year, including G.G. v. Gloucester County School Board, in which the 4th Circuit held that according to Title IX and the federal government’s interpretation contained in the DCLs, a transgender male high school student (Gavin Grimm) was likely to prevail in his request to use the boys’ restroom at school.  The 4th Circuit therefore entered a preliminary injunction requiring the Gloucester district to allow Gavin to use the male restroom.  That decision was stayed by the United States Supreme Court last fall.

In the fall of 2016, another federal court reached the opposite conclusion in Texas v. US, and held that the 2016 DCL appeared to be an improper exercise of executive authority which had not gone through the proper process for making a new rule.  The court in Texas v. US issued an injunction nationwide, prohibiting the federal government from enforcing their DCLs as to restroom access.  Several other lawsuits are currently pending around the country with respect to the restroom issue in schools.   

G.G. is set to be heard by the Supreme Court on March 28th and Texas v. US is on appeal to the 5th Circuit.  However, with the withdrawal, these two cases lose much of their import, because parties in each were expressly relying on the 2015 and/or 2016 DCLs.  Either or both cases could go away on procedural grounds.  However, others of the pending transgender cases advanced other arguments to support restroom access, including Equal Protection under the U.S. and state constitutions.  That argument has not been affected by the Trump administration’s DCL, and so the issue could reach the Supreme Court again as those cases work their way through the judicial system.

Other lesser known provisions of the 2015 and 2016 DCLs directed schools on topics such as identification documents, names, pronouns, sex-segregated activities, privacy of transgender status, and discrimination/harassment based on transgender status.

The February 22nd DCL is only two pages long (you can read the whole document here) and does not address the above issues with any detail.  Instead, it simply withdraws the earlier guidance, stating that the Departments will no longer rely on any of the views expressed in the previous DCLs.  The stated purpose of the withdrawal is for the Departments to “further and more completely consider the legal issues involved” and also that “there must be due regard for the primary role of the States and local school districts in establishing educational policy.”   

This new DCL does make clear that the withdrawal does not take away transgender students’ protection from discrimination, bullying, or harassment, and promises that the Office for Civil Rights will continue to hear all claims of discrimination.  However, aside from that guaranteed protection, the withdrawal of previous guidance will likely create uncertainty for school administrators in the states which do not have state law on the topic (Missouri does not currently have relevant state law, though a bill is pending in the General Assembly which could resolve the restroom issue, at least temporarily). 

The foregoing is for informational purposes only and does not constitute legal advice regarding any particular situation and should not be relied on as such.  Please contact one of our school law attorneys if you have any questions regarding how to structure or modify your school or district's policies and/or practices given this change in the legal landscape.

This update was prepared by Robert A. Useted and Erin M. Leach.


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